Valid Names Results
Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché, 1833) (Diaspididae: Aulacaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Coccus rosae Virey 1821: 211. nomen nudum Notes: Virey (1821) described a scale insect on roses in France named Coccus rosae. There seems to be no doubt that this insect is identical to Aulacaspis rosae (Bouché) originally described by Bouché (1833). Since the name Coccus rosae has not been used in the literature since its initial description, it is determined that the name Coccus rosae be designated as a nomen oblitum and the name Aspidiotus rosae Bouché designated as a nomen protectum.
- Aspidiotus rosae Bouché 1833: 53. Type data: GERMANY: Berlin. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Types presumed lost.
- Chermes rosae (Bouche, 1833); Boisduval 1868: 281. change of combination
- Diaspis rosae (Bouche, 1833); Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 735. change of combination
- Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche, 1833); Cockerell 1896a: 259. change of combination
- Aulacaspis (Diaspis) rosae (Bouche, 1833); Newstead 1901b: 168. change of combination
- Diaspis (Aulacaspis) rosae (Bouche, 1833); Froggatt 1914: 881. change of combination
- Anamaspis rosae (Bouche, 1833); Kozarzhevskaya & Vlainic 1981: 16. change of combination
- Aulacaspis rosae (Bouche, 1833); Takagi 1999. revived combination (previously published)
Common Names
- cochenille du rosier Foldi2001
- rosa scale Borchs1966
- rose hard scale Bustsh1958
- rose scale Blicke1965 Hartma1916
- rose scurfy scale MalumpBa2012
- حشرة الورد القشرية AbdRab2012
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 13 | Genera: 22
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | Hua2000
- Caryophyllaceae
- Dianthus | Watson2002a
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | Watson2002a
- Hydrangeaceae
- Hydrangea | DanzigPe1998
- Lauraceae
- Laurus nobilis | Watson2002a
- Loranthaceae
- Loranthus | Varshn2002
- Malvaceae
- Hibiscus | NormarOkMo2019
- Musaceae
- Musa | Suh2026
- Myricaceae
- Myrica rubra | Hua2000
- Poaceae
- Cymbopogon | Suh2026
- Polygonaceae
- Muehlenbeckia | Watson2002a
- Rosaceae
- Acaena | Hender2011
- Agrimonia eupatoria | Takagi1961a
- Agrimonia pilosa | Muraka1970 | (= Agrimonia eupatoria pilosa)
- Crataegus | Hudson1967
- Fragaria x ananassa | Muraka1970 | (= Fragaria chiloensis ananassa)
- Malus domestica | Hudson1967 | (= Pyrus malus)
- Potentilla wallichiana | Muraka1970
- Pyrus | Watson2002a
- Pyrus pyrifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Pyrus serotina)
- Rosa | MilleHeCa2016 MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
- Rosa acicularis | Danzig1980b
- Rosa amblyotis | Danzig1980b
- Rosa canina | BatsanKaKi2017
- Rosa centifolia | Paik1978
- Rosa davurica | Danzig1980b | var. alpestris) (= Rosa marretii)
- Rosa micrantha | Kozar1999a | (= Rosa candida)
- Rosa multiflora | Muraka1970 Paik1978 | (= Rosa polyantha)
- Rosa rugosa | Paik1978 Takagi1961a
- Rosa wichuraiana | Suh2020
- Rubus | Muraka1970 Paik1978 Takagi1961a
- Rubus boraeanus | Foldi2000 Hender2011 Moghad2013 | (= Rubus fruticosus)
- Rubus crataegifolius | Muraka1970
- Rubus hirsutus | Paik1978
- Rubus idaeus | Watson2002a
- Rubus microphyllus | Kuwana1926 Muraka1970 | (= Rubus incisus)
- Rubus palmatus | Muraka1970 NormarOkMo2019 | including var. coptophyllus
- Rubus parvifolius | Suh2020
- Rubus rigidus | Bodenh1926a | (= Rubus discolor)
- Rubus rosifolius | ColonFMe1998
- Rubus setchuenensis | Kuwana1926
- Rubus ulmifolius | Foldi2002 MedinaMa1973 | (= Rubus albescens)
- Rubus ursinus | Hender2011
- Sapindaceae
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 21
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus atomon | Aligey2016
- Ablerus celsus | Aligey2016
- Aphelinus notatus | Cocker1896a Watson2002a | (= Coccobius notatus) (= Coccophagus notatus)
- Aphytis chilensis | Watson2002a | (= Aphytis longiclavae)
- Aphytis diaspidis | Balach1930e Cocker1896a Ruhl1913 | (= Aphelinus diaspidis)
- Aphytis mytilaspidis | Watson2002a
- Aphytis proclia | Watson2002a
- Archenomus bicolor | Aligey2016
- Aspidiotiphagus citrinus | Aligey2016
- Encarsia berlesei | Watson2002a
- Encarsia citrina | Aligey2016 Balach1930e HuangPo1998 Viggia1987 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus),
- Encarsia fasciata | HuangPo1998
- Pteroptrix bicolor | Watson2002a
- Pteroptrix macropedicellata | Watson2002a
- Cecidomyiidae
- Lestodiplosis aulacaspidis | Barnes1930 | (= Cecidomyella aulacaspidis)
- Charipidae
- Alloxysta victrix | Hartma1916 | (= Xystus erythrocephalus)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Muraka1970 | (= Chilocorus renipustulatus)
- Coccidophilus citricola | AguileMeVa1984
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | Zimmer1948 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | LeeLeSe2024
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus | Paik1978
- Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis | Suh2019b
- Adelencyrtus intersectus | MoghadWa2021
- Aphycus brunneus | Cocker1896a
- Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | Cocker1896a
- Blastothrix sericea | Watson2002a
- Encyrtus sasakii | Xie1998
- Metaphycus pretiosus | Watson2002a
- Thomsonisca amathus | Watson2002a
- Zaomma lambinus | Watson2002a
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 80
- Algeria | Trabut1911
- Argentina | MillerDa2005
- Buenos Aires | Watson2002a
- Jujuy | Watson2002a
- Australia | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005
- Tasmania | Hudson1967
- Austria | DanzigPe1998 Watson2002a
- Azerbaijan | Aligey2016
- Azores | FrancoRuMa2011
- Barbados | Maxwel1902
- Belize | NormarOkMo2019
- Bonin Islands (=Ogasawara-Gunto) | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Brazil | MillerDa2005
- Minas Gerais | Watson2002a
- Bulgaria | Tsalev1968 Tschor1939
- Canada | Comsto1881a MillerDa2005
- British Columbia | Treher1915 Venabl1939
- Ontario | Koszta1996
- Canary Islands | Archan1937 MatileOr2001 MillerDa2005
- Cape Verde | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Chile | AguileMeVa1984 MillerDa2005
- Coquimbo | PizarrAlBa2020
- China | DanzigPe1998 MillerDa2005
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tao1999
- Hainan | Tao1999
- Hebei (=Hopei) | Hua2000
- Henan (=Honan) | Hua2000
- Hunan | Hua2000
- Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Tao1999
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Hua2000
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999 Watson2002a
- Shaanxi (=Shensi) | Tao1999
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Tao1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
- Xizang (=Tibet) | Tao1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Tao1999
- Colombia | Figuer1952 Kondo2001 MillerDa2005
- Congo | Watson2002a
- Corsica | Foldi2003
- Costa Rica | MillerDa2005
- Crete | PellizPoSe2011
- Cyprus | Giliom1966 Watson2002a
- Czech Republic | DanzigPe1998 Giliom1966
- Democratic Republic of the Congo (=Zaire) | MillerDa2005
- Denmark | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986
- Dominican Republic | MillerDa2005
- Egypt | Archan1937 Giliom1966 Watson2002a
- El Salvador | Berry1959 MillerDa2005
- Finland | Gertss2001
- France | Alfier1929 Foldi2001
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017
- Germany | DanzigPe1998
- Greece | MilonaKoKo2008a
- Guatemala | MillerDa2005
- Guyana (=British Guiana) | Bodkin1917
- Hungary | BognarVi1979 KozarKoFe2013
- India | Ali1969 Giliom1966 MillerDa2005
- Karnataka | Varshn2002
- Tamil Nadu | Varshn2002
- Iran | KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005
- Iraq | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Ireland | Green1934d
- Israel | Bodenh1926a Bytins1966 MillerDa2005
- Italy | Barnes1930 Giliom1966
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Jamaica | Cocker1896a Kondo2001 MillerDa2005
- Japan | MillerDa2005
- Hokkaido | Takagi1961a
- Honshu | Shinji1936b
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Latvia | Stalaz2021
- Luxembourg | GertssSc2020
- Madeira Islands | DanzigPe1998 Giliom1966 MillerDa2005
- Malaysia
- Malaya | Giliom1966
- Malta | Borg1932
- Mauritius | WilliaWi1988
- Mexico
- Chihuahua | Cocker1899n
- Netherlands | Jansen2001
- New Caledonia | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- New Zealand | Charle1998 Giliom1966 MillerDa2005
- Norway | Gertss2001
- Pakistan | Watson2002a
- Peru | MillerDa2005
- Philippines | Cocker1905f MillerDa2005
- Poland | DanzigPe1998
- Portugal | Watson2002a
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island | MillerDa2005
- Puerto Rico | MedinaMa1973
- Romania | DanzigPe1998 Teodor2018
- Sardinia | PellizFo1996
- South Africa | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- South Korea | DanzigPe1998 KwonHaCh2005 MillerDa2005
- Spain | Watson2002a
- Sweden | Gertss2001 Kozarz1986
- Switzerland | DanzigPe1998
- Taiwan | Giliom1966 MillerDa2005 Takaha1929
- Tanzania | Giliom1966 MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Thailand | Takaha1942b
- Tunisia | KamelZoCh2021
- Turkey | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
- Turkmenistan | Archan1937
- USSR | MillerDa2005
- United Kingdom
- Channel Islands | Watson2002a
- England | Giliom1966 MalumpBa2012 Maxwel1902
- Scotland | Watson2002a
- United States
- Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Arizona | Glick1922 MillerDa2005
- Arkansas | MillerDa2005
- California | Maxwel1902 MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005
- Florida | Comsto1881a MillerDa2005
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Illinois | MillerDa2005
- Indiana | MillerDa2005
- Iowa | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Kansas | MillerDa2005
- Kentucky | MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | MillerDa2005
- Maine | MillerDa2005
- Maryland | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
- Massachusetts | Maxwel1902 MillerDa2005
- Michigan | MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | MillerDa2005
- Missouri | MillerDa2005
- New Hampshire | MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | MillerDa2005
- New Mexico | MillerDa2005
- New York | Hartma1916 MillerDa2005
- North Carolina | MillerDa2005
- Ohio | Houser1908 MillerDa2005
- Oregon | MillerDa2005 SchuhMo1948
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005
- Rhode Island | MillerDa2005
- South Carolina | Gee1912 MillerDa2005
- Tennessee | MillerDa2005
- Texas | MillerDa2005
- Utah | Jorgen1934 MillerDa2005
- Virginia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Washington | MillerDa2005
- Wisconsin | MillerDa2005
- Wyoming | MillerDa2005
- Uzbekistan | Archan1937
- Andizhan Oblast (=Andijan) | XafizdSaSo2024
- Venezuela | MillerDa2005 Watson2002a
- Vietnam | Suh2026
Keys
- JianXi2024: pp.595-597 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis from China]
- JoshiMoMe2023: pp.244-245 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Aulacaspis]
- JoshiBhSa2023: pp.187 ( Adult (F) ) [Indian species of Aulacaspis]
- TianXi2022: pp.174-176 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis species from China]
- Hodgso2020: pp.146-147 ( Adult (M) ) [Diaspididae]
- WeiJiZh2016: pp.18-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis from China]
- Suh2013: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis in Korea]
- Hender2011: pp.80 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Aulacaspis adult females in New Zealand]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- ColonFMe1998: pp.87 ( Adult (F) ) [Ky to species of Aulacaspis of Puerto Rico]
- Koszta1996: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of the subfamily Diaspidinae]
- Danzig1993: pp.345 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Danzig1988: pp.724 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Danzig1986a: pp.381 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Chen1983: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.127 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Aulacaspis]
- Wang1982c: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Danzig1980b: pp.322 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Paik1978: pp.303 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Danzig1971d: pp.843 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
- Beards1966: pp.529 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to known Micronesian species of Aulacaspis]
- Takagi1961a: pp.88 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Ezzat1958: pp.243 ( ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis of Egypt]
- Balach1954e: pp.242 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Palearctic Aulacaspis]
- Scott1952: pp.36 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Chou1949: pp.14 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of Aulacaspis in China]
- Zimmer1948: pp.377 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the species of Aulacaspis recorded from Hawaii]
- Hall1946a: pp.505 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Ethiopian Aulacaspis]
- Fullaw1932: pp.95 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
- Kuwana1926: pp.22 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Britto1923: pp.369 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- MacGil1921: pp.316 ( ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Johann1912: pp.447 ( Adult (F) ) [Important scale insects of 1912] Key as: Aulacaspis rosae
Remarks
- Systematics: The male scale is similar to that of Unaspis euonymi, but in the latter the larval scale is more lightly colored. According to Zimmerman (1948), Aulacaspis rosae occurs in Hawaii, Maui, Kauai, Molokai, and Oahu. However, all specimens identified as A. rosae in the USNM and those examined by J.W. Beardsley (1975) were A. rosarum. There is a possibility that all Hawaiian records of A. rosae are misidentifications (Nakahara, 1981a).
- Structure: Larvae are reddish, becoming yellowish with age (Archangelskaya, 1937). Female scale 2-3mm in diameter, snowy white, sometimes yellowish, exuviae usually near margin, yellowish. Male scale white and tricarinated (Britton, 1923).
- Biology: The hibernating stage of Aulacaspis rosae is found on the bark of host stems, near the roots. Under middle Asiatic conditions, there are 2 generations per year. Males appear in spring and fall. Each female lays from 50-150 eggs (Archangelskaya, 1937). Murakami (1970) states that this species overwinters as fertilized adult females which lay their eggs the following April. The eggs hatch in early May with the adult males emerging in early July and in October. In northeastern North America, A. rosae has one or two generations per year (Kosztarab, 1996). In Oregon (Schuh and Mote 1948) the rose scale has one generation each year and crawlers appear "during the spring". Two generations a year apparently occur in Ohio (Kosztarab 1963) and second generation crawlers are observed in late July. Two generations a year have been reported in New York (Johnson and Lyon 1976) with crawlers noted from late May to early June and again in August. One generation has been reported in England (Boratynski 1953), Germany (Schmutterer 1959), Romania (Savescu 1961), and Hungary (Balás and Sáringer 1982), 2 in Japan (Murakami 1970), and 3 in France (Bénassy 1959). The overwintering stages are reported as follows: egg in Iowa (Hibbs 1956), Oregon (Schuh and Mote 1948), and Hungary (Balás and Sáringer 1982); adult female in Japan (Murakami 1970) and Germany (Schmutterer 1959); in England, Boratynski (1953) indicated that the species did not have a regular life cycle and survived only in sheltered areas; in France, Bénassy (1959) indicated that the most common overwintering stage was the first instar but that some of the second instars go into a diapause; in Russia, Danzig (1959) found all stages present in the winter and indicated that there is a very high level of winter mortality. The biology reported for the rose scale is unusually variable. It may overwinter in most stages, i.e., egg, first and second instar, and adult female. Apparently this species undergoes some development in cold months although winter diapause has been reported in France. It should be noted that A. rosarum has been confused with the rose scale, and that some of the data given on A. rosae actually may pertain to A. rosarum.
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious pest. Gill (1997) states that Aulacaspis rosae can be a pest of roses and caneberries, particularly in damp, shaded locations. Heavy infestations can occur, especially near the crown of host and infested plants may be weakened or killed. This species is sometimes considered a pest of roses, raspberries, blackberries, boysenberries, dewberries, loganberries, and strawberries. Although the species is relatively easy to control with pruning and occasional chemical control, neglected plantings can be severely damaged. A sample of the literature that discusses the economic importance is as follows: Seabra (1918) considered the rose scale to be a very destructive pest of roses in Portugal; Merrill and Chaffin (1923) listed it as a serious pest of blackberry and rose in Florida but indicated that it was easily controlled; in British Columbia, Glendenning (1923) considered it to be a serious pest of roses and cane fruits when neglected; in Iowa infested roses were destroyed and were not allowed to be sold (Drake 1935); on the Maltese Islands it was reported as a common and injurious pest on roses particularly climbing roses (Borg 1932); Szeremlei et al. (1979) treated it as an important greenhouse pest on roses in Hungary; in Utah it was considered to be a serious pest of raspberries and strawberries (Knowlton and Smith 1936); it was listed as an occasional pest of roses in greenhouses in England (Wilson 1938); this species was a very injurious pest in the Transcarpathian area of the Former Soviet Union on Rubus (Tereznikova 1963); it is a serious pest of raspberries in some commercial plantings in Maryland (Gimpel, 1986, personal communication). The rose scale is listed as one of the 43 principal armored scale pests of the world by Beardsley and González (1975) and is considered a serious pest in a small area of the world by Miller and Davidson (1990). Williams (1991) discussed the impact of this pest in cultivated Rubus fields in the United States, and Guilleminot and Apablaza (1986) considered it to be an occasional pest on raspberries in Chile.
- General Remarks: A key to distinguish Aulacaspis rosae from A. rosarum is given in Henderson, 2011.
Illustrations
Citations
- AAEE1937: taxonomy, 540
- AbdRab2012: list, 608
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 32
- Aguile1970: biological control, 128
- AguileMeVa1984: biological control, distribution, 47, 50
- Alfier1929: distribution, host, 8-a
- Ali1969: distribution, host, taxonomy, 73
- Aligey2016: natural enemies,
- Amyot1848: host, 503
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- AnneckPr1974: biological control, distribution, 38
- Archan1923: distribution, host, 262
- Archan1937: distribution, host, illustration, 81-82
- ArchibCoDe1979: distribution, host, 205
- Azim1961: biological control, distribution, 105
- Balach1927: distribution, host, 183
- Balach1930e: biological control, distribution, 218, 219, 220
- Balach1931a: distribution, host, 99
- Balach1933e: distribution, host, 4
- Balach1938a: distribution, host, 153-154
- Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 241, 242-245
- Barnes1930: biological control, distribution, 328
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 257
- BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, illustration, 110-112
- Beards1966: distribution, host, 530
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 128
- Benass1959a: distribution, host, 421-424
- Berro1927: host, 57
- Berry1959: distribution, host, 242
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 9
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 504
- Blackm1916: chemical control, description, distribution, illustration, 101-102
- Blanch1840: taxonomy, 214
- Blicke1965: taxonomy, 298-300, 304, 308
- Bodenh1926a: distribution, host, 189
- Bodenh1935: taxonomy, 248
- Bodenh1937: distribution, 218
- Bodenh1944b: distribution, host, 86
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 102-104
- Bodenh1953: distribution, host, 11
- Bodkin1917: distribution, host, 105
- Bodkin1922: distribution, host, 57
- BognarVi1979: distribution, host, 18
- Boisdu1868: host, 281
- Boraty1953: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 457, 471-473
- Borchs1934: distribution, host, 24
- Borchs1937: distribution, taxonomy, 116
- Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 98-99, 186, 251
- Borchs1949d: taxonomy, 224
- Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 205
- Borchs1950c: taxonomy, 369, 370
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 139-140
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 13
- Borner1910: taxonomy, 553-561
- Bouche1833: description, 53
- Bouche1834: description, distribution, 14-15
- Bourne1921: distribution, 9
- BrainKe1917: distribution, 181
- Britto1920: distribution, 65
- Britto1923: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 369
- BrittoZa1927a: chemical control, description, host, 155, 159
- BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 198
- Burmei1835: description, 68
- Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 202-204
- Bytins1966: distribution, 29
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 29-30
- Carnes1907: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 202-203
- Charle1998: distribution, economic importance, 51
- CharleHe2002: distribution, host, taxonomy, 589-594,596
- Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36, 51-52, 138
- Chou1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8-12
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 127-129
- Chou1986: illustration, 526
- Cocker1894: taxonomy, 33
- Cocker1894d: taxonomy, 312
- Cocker1895dd: taxonomy, 513
- Cocker1896a: biological control, description, distribution, host, 259
- Cocker1896b: taxonomy, 335
- Cocker1898r: distribution, 240
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
- Cocker1899n: distribution, 29
- Cocker1902d: distribution, taxonomy, 58-59
- Cocker1902p: distribution, 257
- Cocker1905f: distribution, 134
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 87
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, 312-313
- Comsto1883: distribution, taxonomy, 86, 95
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 461-462, 547, 556
- Cooke1881: description, distribution, host, 35
- Costan1950: taxonomy, 10
- Craw1896: taxonomy, 39
- Danzig1959: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 450
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 843
- Danzig1977b: taxonomy, 55
- Danzig1980b: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 322-324
- Danzig1986a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 381-383
- Danzig1988: taxonomy, 724
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 345, 347, 348
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, 199
- Davis1896: description, distribution, host, illustration, 36
- DeBachRo1976: biological control, distribution, 176
- DeLott1971: taxonomy, 145-146
- DeSant1941: biological control, distribution, 14
- DengWeMa2025: evolution, genome, illustration, phylogeny, 2, 7-11
- DietzMo1916a: distribution, 284
- Dougla1887a: taxonomy, 23
- Dougla1912: distribution, 193
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 114
- EhrhorFuSw1913: distribution, economic importance, 300
- Essig1910a: taxonomy, 211
- Essig1926: distribution, host, taxonomy, 307, 309, 827, 828
- Felt1901: distribution, 359
- Felt1924: host, 148, 154
- FeltMo1928: taxonomy, 199
- Fernal1899: distribution, host, illustration, 20
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 236
- Fernan1973: taxonomy, 159
- Ferris1920b: distribution, taxonomy, 10, 46
- Ferris1921a: taxonomy, 213
- Ferris1936a: distribution, host, 20, 39
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-9, SI-10
- Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 48
- Figuer1952: distribution, 209
- Fletch1919: distribution, host, 298
- Foldi2000: distribution, host, 82
- Foldi2001: distribution, economic importance, 306, 307
- Foldi2002: distribution, 246
- Foldi2003: distribution, 152
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 9,23
- French1911: distribution, 53
- Frogga1907: distribution, taxonomy, 374
- Frogga1914: distribution, host, 881
- Frogga1915: distribution, host, 54
- Fullaw1932: distribution, 95, 102
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 19, 31
- Gaprin1950: biological control, 249, 250
- Garcia1921: biological control, 28, 54, 275, 296, 62
- Gavalo1929: taxonomy, 167
- Gavalo1932: taxonomy, 137
- Gavril2018: reproduction, 235
- Gee1912: distribution, host, 485
- Germai2011: distribution, economic importance, 31-34
- Germai2011a: distribution, economic importance, 8
- Gertss2001: distribution, 127
- Gertss2011: distribution, host, 43
- GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 134
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 342
- Ghauri1962: taxonomy, 163, 213
- Giard1894c: taxonomy, cxlvii
- Giliom1966: catalog, distribution, host, 422
- Giliom1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 68-70
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gillan1908: host, 217-219
- Giraul1913: biological control, host, 197, 217
- Glick1922: distribution, host, 74
- Goethe1884: taxonomy, 116
- GomezM1937: distribution, 36, 38, 202-205
- GomezM1946: distribution, taxonomy, 76
- Gonzal2016: description, distribution, host, illustration, 37, 132, 171-172
- Goot1912: host, 287
- Gourla1930: distribution, 6
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, 26, 44
- Gowdey1926: distribution, host, 47
- Green1895: distribution, 229
- Green1919c: taxonomy, 434
- Green1920: taxonomy, 126
- Green1922b: distribution, taxonomy, 15
- Green1923b: distribution, 89
- Green1925b: distribution, 518
- Green1926a: taxonomy, 182
- Green1927: distribution, taxonomy, 3
- Green1927a: distribution, 59
- Green1934d: distribution, taxonomy, 114
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 316
- Hall1926a: distribution, 23, 37, 41
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, 505, 546, 552
- Hartma1916: distribution, host, 103
- Hellri2004: distribution, host, 87
- Hender2011: description, distribution, host, illustration, structure, taxonomy, 8,13,28,80-82,224,25
- Henrik1921: taxonomy, 306
- Herric1911: distribution, 23
- Herric1920: taxonomy, 87
- Hill1989a: economic importance, 177-178
- Hodgso2020: key, 146
- Hollin1923: distribution, taxonomy, 18, 68
- Houser1908: distribution, host, 177
- Houser1918a: distribution, taxonomy, 295, 430
- Howard1895a: distribution, 360
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 190
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 148
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859, 1876
- Hudson1967: distribution, host, 91
- Huergo1908: distribution, host, 16
- Jancke1955: taxonomy, 299
- Jansen2001: distribution, 201
- JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 25,33
- Johann1912: catalog, description, illustration, key, life history, 436-439
- Jorgen1934: distribution, taxonomy, 277
- JoshiMoMe2023: distribution, host, key, 241
- KamelZoCh2021: distribution, host,
- Karsch1883: diagnosis, host, list of species, 668
- Kawai1972: distribution, taxonomy, 37
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 299
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 23
- Kaweck1936a: distribution, host, 321
- KaymakYa2017: distribution, host, taxonomy, 44
- King1899c: distribution, host, 227
- King1901b: distribution, host, 154
- King1901f: distribution, host, 199
- King1902d: distribution, host, 159-160
- Kiritc1928: distribution, 166
- Kiritc1931: distribution, 320
- Kiritc1932: distribution, host, 247
- Kirkal1902: taxonomy, 109
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- Knowlt1932: distribution, host, 80
- Komosi1974: taxonomy, 345
- Kondo2001: distribution, host, 43
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 14
- Korone1934: distribution, host, 67, 84, 90
- Koszta1956a: biological control, 407
- Koszta1963: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 57-59
- Koszta1996: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 431-433
- KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 143, 148, 150
- KosztaKo1988F: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 327
- KotejaZa1983: distribution, taxonomy, 483
- Kozar1999a: distribution, host, 140
- Kozar2009a: distribution, 583
- KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 66
- KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
- KozarKo2002b: distribution, 376
- KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
- KozarSzFe2013: distribution, list of species, 85, 99, 115, 135, 151, 172, 188
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 82
- Kozarz1986: distribution, taxonomy, 308
- KozarzVl1981: distribution, taxonomy, 16, 21, 23
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 78
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 197
- Kuwana1911: distribution, host,
- Kuwana1917a: distribution, host, 15
- Kuwana1926: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22-24
- Kuwana1931b: distribution, host, 165
- KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, illustration, 54-60
- Lagows1998a: ecology, 65
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 68, 71
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 9
- Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 133
- Lawson1917: distribution, 69, 70, 241
- LeLong1890: distribution, 176-177
- LeeLeSe2024: natural enemies, 7
- Leonar1901a: taxonomy, 576
- Leonar1918: distribution, host, 211
- Leonar1920: distribution, host, 200, 207
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 250
- Lindin1907: taxonomy, 5
- Lindin1908a: taxonomy, 40
- Lindin1910: taxonomy, 151, 154
- Lindin1912: taxonomy, 31
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 294, 297
- Lindin1913: taxonomy, 60, 75
- Lindin1918: taxonomy, 52
- Lindin1928: taxonomy, 106
- Lindin1931a: taxonomy, 91, 113
- Lindin1934e: taxonomy, 157
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 125
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 144
- Lord1922: host, 48, 52
- Lupo1938: distribution, host, 123, 157
- MacDou1926: distribution, 89
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, 316, 318
- Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 52-53
- MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, host, 27,38,41
- MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 52-53
- Mani1976: biological control, distribution, 64
- Maskel1879: distribution, 201
- Maskel1887: distribution, host, 47
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-118
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 189
- MawFoHa2000: distribution, 44
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 250
- McDani1924: distribution, host, 41
- McDani1931: distribution, host, 61
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, 30, 89
- MedinaMa1973: distribution, host, 250
- Melis1930: distribution, host, 15
- Melis1951: distribution, host, viii
- Merril1953: distribution, host, 29
- MerrilCh1923: distribution, host, 211
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 507
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 137
- Miller2005: distribution, 485
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, 300
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 86
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 144
- Moghad2004: distribution, host, 32
- Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 17
- MoghadWa2021: description, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies, 51-52, 240
- MooreGl1935: distribution, host, 82
- Morgan1889a: taxonomy, 349
- Morgan1890: taxonomy, 44
- Morgan1894: distribution, host, 994-995
- Morley1909: biological control, 257
- Myers1922: distribution, host, 200
- Myers1927LE: distribution, host, 341
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, taxonomy, 395
- Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 15
- Nakaya1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 45-52
- Newste1901b: distribution, 168
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, host, 166, 198, 204, 251,
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 14, 74, S6
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 38
- ODell1931: distribution, host, 32
- Osborn1898: distribution, host, 228
- Ossian1951: taxonomy, 7
- Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 303, 305-306
- Peleka1962: distribution, host, 62
- Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,67
- PellizFo1996: distribution, 121
- PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- Perrie1926: distribution, host, 126
- PizarrAlBa2020: distribution, host, 27
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 347
- Porter1912: distribution, host, 23
- Priore1964: distribution, host, illustration, life history, 169
- QinZhYu2018: ecology, natural enemies, 7,11
- Ramakr1919a: distribution, host, 12
- Ramakr1919b: distribution, host, 96
- Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 354
- Ramakr1923: distribution, host, 341
- Ramakr1930: distribution, host, 13, 14
- Rasina1960: distribution, host, 15
- Reh1904: taxonomy, 28-29
- Reyne1957: taxonomy, 27, 33
- Riley1894: taxonomy, 68
- RileyHo1891: taxonomy, 214
- Robins1917: distribution, host, 19
- RossHaOk2012: phylogeny, taxonomy, 199
- Ruhl1913: taxonomy, 80
- Rust1914: distribution, host, 468
- Saccar1895: taxonomy, 53
- Sander1904a: distribution, host, 53
- Sander1910: distribution, host, 60
- Savesc1961: taxonomy, 19, 20
- Schaum1850: taxonomy, 248
- SchildSc1928: taxonomy, 241, 269
- Schmut1959: biological control, 197
- SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, illustration, 56, 91
- SchneiPo2026: distribution, economic importance, list, 10
- SchuhMo1948: biology, chemical control, diagnosis, distribution, host, 44
- Scott1900: taxonomy, 51
- Scott1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 35, 36, 40
- Seabra1941: taxonomy, 8
- Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 97-98
- Signor1869d: distribution, host, 441
- Signor1870b: distribution, host, xxxiii
- SilvadGoGa1968: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 172
- Smith1902: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3-14
- Souzad1906: distribution, host, 93
- Staffo1915: taxonomy, 73
- Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 453, 461
- Sugony1958: biological control, taxonomy, 313
- Suh2013: economic importance, 1
- Suh2019b: natural enemies, 2
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 19
- Suh2026: dispersal, distribution, economic control, host, list, 6
- SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 468
- Takagi1961a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 75, 79, 88
- Takagi1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 82, 132
- Takagi1999: taxonomy, 135, 136
- Takagi2013: illustration, morphology, 72
- Takagi2017: dispersal, distribution, morphology, 78, 93-94, 99-100, 105-107
- TakagiKa1966: taxonomy, 114
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 25, 70
- Takaha1932a: taxonomy, 105
- Takaha1942b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38, 39
- TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 9
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 104
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 76
- Targio1868: distribution, host, 735
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, host, 41, 50
- TerGri1962: distribution, host, 146
- Terezn1959b: distribution, host, 447, 448
- Terezn1986: distribution, host, 48
- TianXi2022: distribution, key, 174, 176
- Timber1916: biological control, distribution, 632
- TorabiVaHo2010: distribution, host, 155
- Townse1896: distribution, host, 12-13
- Trabut1910: taxonomy, 41
- Trabut1911: distribution, host, 61
- Traver1935: taxonomy, 85
- Treher1915: distribution, 35
- Treher1916: biological control, distribution, 180
- TrenchTo2014: distribution, 69
- TrenchTrTo2010: distribution, host, 116,117
- Trimbl1925: distribution, host, 2, 10
- Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 45
- Trimbl1929: distribution, host, 2, 10
- Tsalev1972: biological control, distribution, 87
- Tschor1939: distribution, 90
- Tullgr1906: taxonomy, 84
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S118
- Valent1963: biological control, distribution, 7, 12
- Valent1967: biological control, distribution, 1119, 1122, 1167
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 57
- VeitchGr1921: distribution, host, 514
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, taxonomy, 196
- Venabl1939: distribution, host, 24
- Viggia1987: biological control, 136
- VonEll2025: distribution, 23
- Wallac1925: distribution, host, 34
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Wang1981TC: taxonomy, 292
- Wang1982c: description, distribution, taxonomy, 93, 95-96
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 177
- Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- WeiJiZh2016: key, 20
- Weigel1923: host, 68
- Wester1920: host, 64
- Whitne1927: taxonomy, 21
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 581
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 231
- WilliaBeMa2009: taxonomy, 160
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, 62
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 55
- Wu1935: distribution, host, 206
- Wunn1913: taxonomy, 258
- Wunn1925c: distribution, host, 440, 442
- XafizdSaSo2024: distribution, host, 41
- Xie1998: description, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 131-132
- Zahrad1952: taxonomy, 180
- ZakOga1961: distribution, host, 356, 365, 398
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, taxonomy, 377, 381
