Valid Names Results

Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897) (Diaspididae: Lopholeucaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Leucaspis japonicus Cockerell 1897d: 53. Type data: JAPAN: quarantined in United States, California, San Francisco, on Cytisus, ?/12/1896, by A. Craw. Unknown type status, female, accepted valid name
Leucaspis japonica Cockerell, 1897; Fernald 1903b: 244. emendation that is justified
Leucaspis (Euleucaspis) japonica Cockerell, 1897; Lindinger 1906: 27. change of combination
Leucaspis japonica darwiniensis Green 1916e: 61-62. Type data: AUSTRALIA: Northern Territory, Darwin, on Ficus orbicularis. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1953g, 877). Illustr.
Leucodiaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897); Lindinger 1932b: 107. change of combination
Leucodiaspis iaponica (Cockerell, 1897); Lindinger 1932b: 107. misspelling of species epithet
Leucodiaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897); Takahashi 1934: 14. change of combination
Leucodiaspis japonica darwiniensis (Green, 1916); Takahashi 1934: 17. change of combination
Leucodiaspis hydrangeae Takahashi 1934: 15-17. Type data: TAIWAN: Suisha, Sozan, near Taihoku, on Hydrangea integra, 11/06/1933, by R. Takahashi. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Taichung: Entomology Collection, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1953g, 877). Illustr.
Leucaspis hydrangeae (Takahashi, 1934); Takahashi 1939: 89. change of combination
Lopholeucaspis japonica (Cockerell, 1897); Balachowsky 1953g: 155. change of combination
Lopholeucaspis japonica darwiniensis (Green, 1916); Balachowsky 1953g: 157. change of combination
Lopholeucaspis menoni Borchsenius 1964a: 865. Type data: INDIA: Uttar Pradesh, Agra, on Ficus religiosa, 15/12/1963, by N. Borchsenius. Holotype, female, Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Danzig1993, 114). Illustr.
Lopholeucaspis darwiniensis (Green, 1916); Borchsenius 1966: 217. change in status (level)
Leucaspis menoni (Borchsenius, 1964); Takagi 1969a: 31. change of combination
Lopholeucaspis yaponica (Cockerell, 1897); Aligeydar 2016: 694. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

Japanese maple scale MillerDa1990
pear white scale KSPP1972
escama blanca del peral Watson2022a
kermès japonais Watson2022a
nashi-shiro-nagakaigaramushi Watson2022a
yaponskaya palochkovidnaya shchitovka Watson2022a

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 40 | Genera: 64

Adoxaceae

Viburnum macrocephalum | Hua2000 | f. keteleeri

Altingiaceae

Liquidambar formosana | Balach1953g

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex | MillerDa2005
Ilex crenata | Suh2020

Betulaceae

Alnus | MillerDa2005
Alnus glutinosa | BatsanKaKi2017
Alnus japonica | Muraka1970
Carpinus betulus | BatsanKaKi2017
Corylus avellana | Moghad2013a

Buxaceae

Buxus sempervirens | Moghad2013a | ssp. hyrcana

Caprifoliaceae

Lonicera caprifolium | Moghad2013a

Celastraceae

Celastrus | MillerDa2005
Celastrus orbiculatus | Muraka1970
Euonymus | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
Euonymus alatus | Suh2020
Euonymus japonicus | Moghad2013a

Cornaceae

Cornus | MillerDa2005

Ebenaceae

Diospyros | MillerDa2005
Diospyros kaki | Muraka1970
Diospyros lotus | BatsanKaKi2017

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus umbellata | Suh2020

Ericaceae

Enkianthus | MillerDa2005 Takagi1960
Rhododendron | Takagi1969a
Vaccinium | TanakaKa2021a

Euphorbiaceae

Euphorbia | Borchs1966

Fabaceae

Cytisus | Cocker1897d MillerDa2005
Cytisus scoparius | Kuwana1928
Gleditsia japonica | Suh2020
Robinia | Moghad2013a
Robinia pseudoacacia | Suh2020
Wisteria | MillerDa2005

Fagaceae

Castanea | MillerDa2005
Fagus | Koszta1963
Quercus | BatsanKaKi2017

Hamamelidaceae

Distylium racemosum | Muraka1970

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea | Takaha1934
Hydrangea integrifolia | Takaha1934 | (= Hydrangea integra)

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia | BatsanKaKi2017

Lamiaceae

Clerodendrum | Suh2026

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum camphora | BatsanKaKi2017
Laurus | MillerDa2005
Laurus nobilis | BatsanKaKi2017

Lythraceae

Punica granatum | HarsurJoPa2018

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia | Kuwana1902
Magnolia denudata | Suh2020
Magnolia grandiflora | Moghad2013a
Magnolia kobus | Suh2020

Malvaceae

Tilia miqueliana | Muraka1970
Tilia rubra | BatsanKaKi2017

Menyanthaceae

Menyanthes | MillerDa2005

Moraceae

Ficus | KaussaFa1968 Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
Ficus aculeata | Green1916e | var. indecora (= Ficus orbicularis)
Ficus benghalensis | MoghadWa2021
Ficus carica | AhmadGh1972
Ficus racemosa | Dutta1990 | (= Ficus glomerata)
Ficus religiosa | Green1919c
Morus alba | Moghad2013a

Oleaceae

Fraxinus | Muraka1970 MillerDa2005
Ligustrum | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Syringa | MillerDa2005
Syringa oblata | Suh2020 | var. dilatata
Syringa vulgaris | KaussaFa1968

Paeoniaceae

Paeonia | MillerDa2005 Muraka1970
Paeonia lactiflora | Suh2020
Paeonia suffruticosa | Kuwana1902 Muraka1970 | (= Paeonia moutan)

Paulowniaceae

Paulownia | MillerDa2005

Pentaphylacaceae

Eurya crenatifolia | Takagi1969a

Pittosporaceae

Pittosporum tobira | Takagi1969a

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus | MillerDa2005
Ziziphus jujuba | Suh2020

Rosaceae

Chaenomeles | MillerDa2005
Chaenomeles speciosa | Muraka1970 | (= Chaenomeles lagenaria)
Cotoneaster | MillerDa2005
Cydonia | MillerDa2005
Cydonia oblonga | Moghad2013a
Malus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
Malus domestica | Watson2022a
Malus halliana | JansenAl2023
Malus orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
Malus pumila | Muraka1970
Mespilus germanica | Moghad2013a
Prunus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
Prunus cerasifera | BatsanKaKi2017
Prunus domestica | BatsanKaKi2017
Prunus mume | Borchs1960b
Prunus yedoensis | Suh2020
Pyracantha | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Pyrus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
Pyrus communis | BatsanKaKi2017
Pyrus pyrifolia | Muraka1970 | (= Pyrus serotina)
Rosa | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Rosa canina | BatsanKaKi2017
Rosa chinensis | BatsanKaKi2017
Rosa multiflora | Suh2020

Rutaceae

Citrus | Balach1953g MillerDa2005 | (= Poncirus)
Citrus aurantium | Bodenh1953
Citrus junos | Suh2020
Citrus nobilis | Chen1936
Citrus reticulata | Chen1936 | (= Citrus nobilis deliciosa)
Citrus trifoliata | Muraka1970 | (= Poncirus trifoliata)
Citrus unshiu | Suh2020

Salicaceae

Populus | Borchs1960b MillerDa2005
Populus alba | BatsanKaKi2017
Populus deltoides | BatsanKaKi2017
Populus gracilis | BatsanKaKi2017
Salix | MillerDa2005
Salix aegyptiaca | KaussaFa1968
Salix babylonica | BatsanKaKi2017

Salvadoraceae

Salvadora | Borchs1966

Sapindaceae

Acer caudatum | Suh2020 | (= Acer ukurunduense)
Acer palmatum | Muraka1970
Acer pictum var. mono | Suh2020
Acer saccharum | Koszta1963
Acer velutinum | Moghad2013a | (= Acer insigne)

Staphyleaceae

Staphylea bumalda | Suh2020

Styracaceae

Styrax | MillerDa2005
Styrax japonicus | Muraka1970

Theaceae

Camellia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
Camellia oleifera | XieYuDe2025
Camellia sinensis | Hua2000

Ulmaceae

Ulmus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
Zelkova | MillerDa2005
Zelkova serrata | Muraka1970

Vitaceae

Vitis | Borchs1966
Vitis vinifera | Hua2000

Foes:

Families: 5 | Genera: 19

Aphelinidae

Ablerus | HertinSi1972
Ablerus atomon | HertinSi1972 | (= Azotus mokrzeckii)
Ablerus celsus | HertinSi1972 | (= Azotus matritensis)
Ablerus pinifoliae | HertinSi1972 | (= Azotus pinifoliae)
Aphytis | HertinSi1972
Aphytis chilensis | HertinSi1972 | (= Aphytis longiclavae)
Aphytis chrysomphali | HertinSi1972
Aphytis hispanicus | DanielWoAd2024
Aphytis mytilaspidis | HertinSi1972
Archenomus | HertinSi1972
Archenomus maritimus | HertinSi1972
Coccobius | AhmadGh1972
Coccophagus lycimnia | HertinSi1972
Encarsia | HertinSi1972 Sankar1984 | (= Prospaltella)
Encarsia aurantii | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
Encarsia citrina | HertinSi1972 HuangPo1998 | (- Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia intermedia | Aligey2016 HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella intermedia)
Encarsia leucaspidis | HertinSi1972 | (= Prospaltella leucaspidis)
Encarsia lounsburyi | HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiotiphagus lounsburyi)
Encarsia mescheryakovi | Watson2022a
Marlattiella prima | Chen1936 GilderMaWo2020 RosenDe1970
Pteroptrix chinensis | DanielWoAd2024 HertinSi1972
Pteroptrix longiclava | HertinSi1972 | (= Casca chinensis)
Pteroptrix maritima | HertinSi1972

Clavicipitaceae

Aschersonia | Watson2022a

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bijugus | Watson2022a
Chilocorus bipustulatus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus renipustulatus | HertinSi1972
Cryptolaemus | Watson2022a
Exochomus quadripustulatus | HertinSi1972
Nephus bipunctatus | HertinSi1972
Rhyzobius lophanthae | HertinSi1972 | (= Lindorus lophanthae)
Telsimia nigra | HertinSi1972

Encyrtidae

Anicetus annulatus | Watson2022a
Arrhenophagus chionaspidis | HertinSi1972
Coccidencyrtus longiclavatus | Watson2022a

Mymaridae

Alaptus minimus | HertinSi1972 | (= Alaptus aurantii)
Alaptus pallidicornis | HertinSi1972 | (= Alaptus torquatus)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 27

Afghanistan | KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005

Australia

Northern Territory | Green1916e

Azerbaijan | EFSA2018a

Bangladesh | Watson2022a

Brazil | Kuwana1923c MillerDa2005

Burma (=Myanmar) | MillerDa2005

China | Ali1969a MillerDa2005

Anhui (=Anhwei) | Hua2000
Fujian (=Fukien) | Hua2000
Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Chen1936 Hua2000
Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
Hebei (=Hopei) | Hua2000
Henan (=Honan) | Hua2000
Hubei (=Hupei) | Hua2000
Hunan | Hua2000
Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Hua2000
Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Hua2000
Liaoning | Hua2000
Shandong (=Shantung) | Hua2000
Shanxi (=Shansi) | Hua2000
Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
Yunnan | EFSA2018a
Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Hua2000

Congo | Dutta1990

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 TabataYa2001

Germany | Schmut1959

Greece | Kozar1985

India | MillerDa2005

Andhra Pradesh | EFSA2018a
Gujarat | EFSA2018a
Haryana | Ali1969a
Karnataka | Watson2022a
Madhya Pradesh | Watson2022a
NCT Delhi | Watson2022a
Rajasthan | Ali1969a
Uttar Pradesh | Borchs1964a
West Bengal | EFSA2018a Green1919c

Iran | KaussaFa1968 KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005

Italy | MazzeoLoPe2014

Japan | Cocker1897d

Hokkaido | Kuwana1902
Honshu | Kuwana1902
Kyushu | Kuwana1902
Okinawa | Watson2022a
Shikoku | Muraka1970

Nepal | Dutta1990

North Korea | EFSA2018a

Pakistan | AhmadGh1972 MillerDa2005

Russia

Krasnodar Kray | Watson2022a

South Korea | ESKSAE1994 KwonHaCh2005 MillerDa2005 SuhJi2009

Taiwan | Hua2000 MillerDa2005 Takaha1934

Turkey | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005

USSR | MillerDa2005

Ukraine | EFSA2018a

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | Watson2022a

United Kingdom

England | Dutta1990

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
Connecticut | Britto1920 MillerDa2005
Delaware | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
District of Columbia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
Georgia | EFSA2018a
Indiana | Anonym2019
Kansas | Anonym2019
Kentucky | EFSA2018a
Louisiana | GillShDa2011a
Maryland | Koszta1963 MillerDa2005
Missouri | Anonym2019
Nebraska | Anonym2019
New Jersey | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
New York | Ferris1938a MillerDa2005
North Carolina | GillShDa2011a
Ohio | Anonym2019
Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005 Trimbl1928
Rhode Island | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005
South Carolina | Watson2022a
Tennessee | EFSA2018a
Texas | GilderMaWo2020
Virginia | Koszta1996 MillerDa2005

Vietnam | DaoBeWa2023

Keys

ShenXuZh2025: pp.192 ( Adult (F) ) [All the species of Lopholeucaspis]
DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
Suh2012: pp.76 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the Korean Pupillarial Species]
SuhJi2009: pp.1041-1043 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of armored scales intercepted on imported plants (slide mounted females)]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
WatsonDuLi2000a: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Expert system on a CD]
Koszta1996: pp.408 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the genera of the subfamily Diaspidinae]
Borchs1964a: pp.865 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Lopholeucaspis species known from India]
Balach1958b: pp.335 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lopholeucaspis]
Balach1953g: pp.877 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Lopholeucaspis]
Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:57 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis japonica
Britti1937: pp.285 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
MacGil1921: pp.266 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis]
Lindin1906: pp.27 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Leucaspis Euleucaspis] Key as: Leucaspis Euleucaspis japonica

Remarks

Systematics: Lopholeucaspis japonica is most similar to L. cockerelli, but can be differentiated by the number of macroducts, i.e. L. japonica has more macroducts (32–46) on each side of the pygidium, while L. cockerelli has fewer (11–18). Also, it lacks a sclerotised spine lateral of each antenna which is present L. cockerelli (Miller et al. 2005).
Structure: Female scale comma-shaped, slightly curved towards the cephalic end, broadest in the last fourth, distinctly narrowing towards the posterior margin, convex, black to blackish-brown, exuviae cephalic, yellowish brown. Male scale smaller, usually not curved towards the cephalic end. Adult female elongate, elliptic, broadest at about the middle of the body, red (Bodenheimer, 1953). Second instar female: Pygidium with 2 pairs of lobes, slightly divergent; each lobe with 2 deep notches, thus appearing trilobulate. Marginal plates short and broad, divided, distributed only on last 3 pygidial segments. Dorsal macroducts all identical, distributed on pygidium and prepygidial segments, mainly in submarginal areas. Ventral microducts small, very few. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021) Adult female lives inside second-instar exuviae (i.e., it is pupillarial); body and eggs pale violet to purple (Watson 2022a).
Biology: Life history by Murakami (1970) and Stimmel (1995). The life history of this species is poorly understood in the U.S. although, Stimmel (1995) indicated that it has 1 generation per year and overwinters as adult females in Pennsylvania. According to Murakami (1970) the Japanese maple scale has 1 generation each year and overwinters as fertilized adult females in Japan. In Caucasus, there are 2 generations each year, and overwintering takes place in the second instar male and female (Kozarzhevskaya 1956). Although molting individuals can be observed as early as late March, adult females are not found until later in April. Prepupae and pupae appear at the end of March and adult males are present from late April to late May. In the spring, egg laying begins in late April and lasts until late June or early July. Crawlers appear in late May and are present until early August. Second instars were present from the last of June to late August and adult females could be found from July to October. Males in prepupal, pupal, and adult instars are present from the middle of July to the last of September. Eggs of the fall generation appear at the end of July and continue until October. Crawlers are present from August until October. Because egg laying periods are so long, generations are overlapping and it is possible to detect two generations only by using comparative information on percentages of individual instars through time. McComb and Davidson (1969) reported that crawlers were present in June in Maryland. Greenwood (1991, personal communication) studied the biology of this scale in Norfolk, Virginia. There are two overlapping generations each year, and overwintering occurs in the adult female. Adult males appear in the spring in early April. Oviposition begins in early May and continues for over a month; the average number of eggs under each scale is 25. Crawlers first appear in early June and are present until mid-July. Adults of the first generation appear in late July, and eggs and crawlers are present in August to October. The male was described by Bienowski (1993). A model was developed by Zheng et al. (1993) to make control decisions in China on tea. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). JMS has two generations per year in Maryland and overwinters as immature 2nd instar males and females. Egg laying and crawler emergence periods extend over long periods of time (average: 10 weeks 1st gen: 8 weeks 2nd gen.). (Gill, et al., 2011a)
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. In Georgia, L. japonica is a major pest of citrus, other fruits, tea and ornamental plants (Tabatadze & Yasnosh, 2001). Japanese maple scale is a serious orchard pest, especially of citrus in southern areas of the Former Soviet Union (Yasnosh 1986). In the U.S. it is known to damage maple and pyracantha (Davidson and Miller 1990) causing severe die back. It also has been reported as a pest of deciduous fruit trees (Kozár 1990a) and holly (McComb 1986). In Pennsylvania it is not a major pest, but it sometimes causes die back, and limbs and smaller branches can be killed (Stimmel 1995). Recent literature portrays it as a serious pest of citrus and ornamentals in the Former Soviet Union (Konstantinova 1992); of citrus, other fruit, tea, tung and various ornamentals in the Republic of Georgia (Tabatadze and Yasnosh 1997, Tabatadze and Yasnosh 1998); and of tea in China (Zheng et al. 1993). Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be an important world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005). EU Quarantine Pest according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. (EFSA2021c)
General Remarks: Detailed descriptions and illustrations by Ferris (1938a) and Takagi (1969a). Illustration of first instar and second-instar male given by Takagi (2002). Color photograph in Watson (2022a).
Dutta (1990) mentioned that this species occurs in "Itali" but there is no evidence that this is the case. Although L. japonica was found on olives in Greece in 1983 (Kozar and Walter, 1985), it has not been found again, as confirmed by NPPO. (EFSA, 2018a) The record for Germany is considered to be invalid (EFSA, 2018a). Schutze et al. (2026) consider this species to have been present in Australia as non-native in the past, but is likely extirpated.

Illustrations

Citations

AhmadGh1972: biological control, distribution, host, 90
Ali1969a: distribution, host, 59
Ali1970: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 20
Aligey2016: natural enemies,
Anonym2019: biology, control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration,
Balach1953g: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 877-882
Balach1958b: distribution, taxonomy, 335
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 260
Beards1975: taxonomy, 661
Bienko1993: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 25-29
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 160-162
Bodenh1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 48-51
Boraty1960: taxonomy, 193
Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 91, 92
Borchs1949d: distribution, taxonomy, 199
Borchs1950b: distribution, taxonomy, 176
Borchs1960b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 217, 218
Borchs1963a: distribution, taxonomy, 77, 128, 175, 220, 2
Borchs1964a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 865, 868, 872
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 217, 218
Brick1912: distribution, host, 7
Britti1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 285, 301-302
Britto1920: distribution, 65
Britto1923: distribution, host, 370
BrownMc1962: structure, taxonomy, 165
Chanyu1976: natural enemies,
Chen1936: biological control, distribution, host, 226
ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 102
Chou1985: description, distribution, taxonomy, 200-203
Chou1986: illustration, 614, 615
Clause1927: distribution, host, 3, 4
Clause1931: distribution, host, 11, 38
Cocker1897d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53
Cocker1897j: distribution, host, 5
Comper1936: biological control, distribution, 280
CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
CoronaRuMo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 40
DanielWoAd2024: distribution, natural enemies,
Danzig1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 217
Danzig1977b: distribution, 41, 51
Danzig1988: distribution, taxonomy, 721
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114-116
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 301-302
DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, 82
DaoBeWa2023: key, 1028
DooleySm2013: catalog, 12
Dutta1990: distribution, host, taxonomy, 157-158
EFSA2018a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host,
EFSA2021: distribution, host, 16
EFSA2021c: distribution, host,
EFSA2021d: distribution, host, 14
EFSA2021f: biology, economic importance, 15-18
EFSA2021i: dispersal, distribution, host,
EFSA2022c: dispersal, economic importance, 18, 24, 37-38, 56, 192-202
EFSA2025d: control, dispersal, distribution, economic importance, host, 17, 22-26, 60-74
EFSA2026a: control, economic importance, host, 13, 15, 17
ESKSAE1994: distribution, list, 113
Ebelin1959: distribution, host, 257, 271, 279
Ehrhor1907: distribution, host, 24
Ezzat1956a: taxonomy, 358
FeltRa1932: distribution, host, 318, 434
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 244
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SII-148
Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:57
Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 54
Gaprin1950: biological control, distribution, 249
Gaprin1954: distribution, taxonomy, 588
Gaprin1956: biological control, taxonomy, 113, 131
Garcia1912: biological control, 48
Gavril2018: reproduction, 241
GhaniMu1974: biological control, distribution, 58
GilderMaWo2020: biological control, distribution, host, illustration, natural enemies,
GillShDa2011a: chemical control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1-3
Green1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 460-461, 466-467
Green1916e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 61
Green1919c: distribution, host, 449
Hadzib1957a: taxonomy, 102
Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 211, 212, 277
HarsurJoPa2018: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, 1-8
Hartma1916: distribution, taxonomy, 104
HertinSi1972: biological control, 185
HilburWe1984: taxonomy, 2
Howard1907: biological control, 73
Howell1980: taxonomy, 91
HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 197
Hua2000: distribution, host, 154-155
HuangPo1998: biological control, 1860
JansenAl2023: dispersal, host, 27
JoshiBaBh2024: host plant, 2
JoshiBhSa2023: host plant, 181
KSPP1972: distribution, taxonomy, 108
Kanda1930a: biological control, distribution, 196
KarpunOmSh2025: distribution, economic importance, host, 924
Kaussa1970: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9
KaussaFa1968: distribution, host, taxonomy, 67
Kawai1972: distribution, taxonomy, 20
Kawai1977: distribution, host, 152
Kawai1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 186-187
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 18
KonstaKo1990: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 66-77
KonstaKoJa1984: distribution, host, 350
Koszta1963: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89-90
Koszta1981: illustration, structure, 153
Koszta1996: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 530-532
Kozar1985: distribution, 203
Kozar1987: distribution, host, 100
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 67
KozarKo1981: distribution, host, 215
KozarKo1981a: distribution, host, 128
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 85
KozarYaKo1982: distribution, host, 334-335
Kozarz1956a: distribution, host, 302
Kuhmin1970: distribution, economic importance, host, 90
Kuwana1902: distribution, economic importance, host, 74
Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 197-198
Kuwana1923c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 321-323
Kuwana1927: distribution, 72
Kuwana1928: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 36-37
KwonHaCh2005: distribution, host, 52-60
LangfoCo1939: distribution, host, 38
Leonar1906b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 28
Leonar1907c: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 93
Lindin1906: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9, 27, 37-38
Lindin1932b: taxonomy, 107
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 266
MazzeoLoPe2014: distribution, 58
McComb1986: taxonomy, 63
Miller2005: distribution, 487
MillerDa1974: illustration, iv
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 303
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 276
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Miyosh1926: distribution, host, 306
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 40
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 164, 247
Muraka1970: distribution, host, life history, 65-66
Myers1922: distribution, taxonomy, 200
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 53
NikolsYa1966: biological control, 150, 194, 260, 281
Nishid2002: catalog, 142
NiuLiXu2024: DNA sequencing, S1 Table
NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
NormarNoGa2025: distribution, economic importance, 10
NormarOkMi2019: phylogeny, 688
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 25, 78
Paik1958: distribution, host, 31
Paik1978: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 363-364
Paik1982: biological control, distribution, 52
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,71
PellizVe1999: distribution, host, illustration, 17-18
Pierce1917: economic importance, 5, 32, 192
PooleGe1997: distribution, 350
Quayle1938a: ecology, 299
Ramakr1921a: catalog, distribution, host, 358
ReddyMiMe2025: dispersal, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 19
RosenDe1970: biological control, distribution, 41
RosenDe1979: biological control, 761
RouhanVaMa2018a: distribution, host, 3
Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 30
SchneiPo2026: distribution, economic importance, list, 18
SchulzBeJa2025: distribution, 320
SchutzGoGu2026: distribution, 5, 11
Seghat1977: distribution, host, 16
ShiLi1991: host, 164
Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 96
SkelleBuAl2025: dispersal, distribution, economic importance, history, record, 42
Sleesm1945: distribution, host, 47
Suh2012: distribution, 73, 76
Suh2012: taxonomy, 76
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 317, 328
Suh2020: distribution, host, 2, 3, 6-8, 10-12, 14-17, 19-21
Suh2026: dispersal, distribution, economic control, host, list, 7
SuhJi2009: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 1039-1054
TabataYa2001: biological control, distribution, host, 429-434
Tachik1955: distribution, host, 57
Tachik1962: distribution, host, 77
Tachik1962a: biological control, distribution, host, 74-77
Takagi1960: distribution, host, taxonomy, 74-75
Takagi1969a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 26, 31
Takagi1970: distribution, host, taxonomy, 137-138
Takagi2002: illustration, taxonomy, 59, 81-82
Takaha1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 15-17
Takaha1939c: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89
Takaha1940a: taxonomy, 332
TakahaTa1956: distribution, host, 13
Talhou1975: distribution, host, 23
TanakaKa2021a: diagnosis, host, illustration,
Tang1977: distribution, host, taxonomy, 140
Tang1980: taxonomy, 206
Tang1984b: distribution, host, 129
Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
Tang2001: taxonomy, 4
Tao1978: distribution, host, taxonomy, 85
Tao1999: distribution, host, 97
TelengBo1936: biological control, 77
Tikhon1966: distribution, host, 77
Trembl1999: distribution, 21
Trimbl1928: distribution, host, 45
Trjapi1964: biological control, distribution, 465
Trjapi1981: biological control, distribution, 5
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Wang1980: distribution, host, taxonomy, 183
Wang1981TC: distribution, host, taxonomy, 290
Wang1982c: distribution, host, taxonomy, 76-77, 109
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,
Watson2022a: control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 501
Weidha1968: economic importance, 256
Westco1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 408
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 224, 225
WrightLoMc2025: economic importance, 2
Wu1935: distribution, host, taxonomy, 212
WyattEiDe2025: dispersal, illustration, morphology, nymph, structure,
XieYuDe2025: control, economic importance, host, 3
Yang1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 281-282, 284
Yasnos1974: biological control, distribution, 247
Yasnos1978: biological control, distribution, 474, 482
Yasnos1979: biological control, distribution, 68
ZhangHu1980: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 177-178