Yokogawa, T., & Yahara, T. 2009 Mitochondrial phylogeny certified PGL (Paternal Genome Loss) is of single origin and haplodiploidy sensu stricto (arrhenotoky) did not evolve from PGL in the scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea).. Genes & Genetic Systems 84(1), 57‒66
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Notes: Mitochondrial phylogenies demonstrated that Paternal Genome Loss (PGL) shares a single, ancient origin in scale insects, meaning haplodiploidy sensu stricto (arrhenotoky)—where haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs—did not evolve from PGL Because mitochondrial phylogeny groups the PGL-bearing scale insects into a single monophyletic clade, it is clear that PGL is a distinct, deep-rooted evolutionary event. The chromosomal architecture of PGL did not serve as a transitional stepping stone to true haplodiploidy.
